Hebrew literature consists of ancient, medieval, and modern writings in the
Hebrew language. Beyond compare, the most important such work is the
Hebrew Bible (
Tanakh).
Most
Jewish religious literature is written in Hebrew. The
Mishna is the primary rabbinic codification of laws as derived from the
Torah. It was written in Hebrew about 200 CE. Jewish worship services were compiled in book form primarily in Hebrew, originally by
Amram Gaon and
Saadia Gaon.
Torah commentaries from
Abraham ibn Ezra to
Rashi and beyond were written in Hebrew. So were the codifications of
Jewish law, such as the
Shulchan Aruch.
These works of Hebrew literature were in many cases combined or augmented with additional literature in a language that was more familiar to Jews at the time. The
Gemara was added as an
Aramaic-language commentary on the
Mishna to constitute the
Talmud. Some of the traditional Jewish prayers are in Aramaic. Some important works of medieval philosophy, such as the
Guide to the Perplexed, were originally written in
Arabic.
During the
golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, some prominent
rabbis moved to Moorish Spain as religious repression increased elsewhere in the Muslim world. Their religious perspective depended on works in the Arabic language that their colleagues elsewhere in Europe could not read. These rabbis and their successors in Spain, Provence, and Italy translated many works of
Jewish,
Muslim,
Greek, and
Roman philosophy and science into Hebrew from Arabic. The influx of subject matter into the Hebrew language forced an expansion of its vocabulary.
In the eighteenth century, the
Haskalah (Jewish enlightenment) movement worked to achieve equality and freedom for European Jews by promoting
Jewish culture as equal.
Moses Mendelssohn's translation of the Hebrew Bible into
German inspired interest in the Hebrew language that led to the founding of a quarterly review written in Hebrew. Other periodicals followed.
In the late nineteenth century, some writers later known largely for their
Yiddish writing, such as
Sholom Aleichem, began to write in Hebrew under the influence of the Haskalah movement.
As
Zionist settlement in
Palestine intensified, Hebrew became the shared language of the various Jewish immigrant communities.
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda in particular worked to adapt Hebrew to the needs of the modern world, turning to Hebrew sources from all periods to develop a language that went beyond the sacred and was capable of articulating the modern experience.
In 1922, Hebrew became the official language of pre-state Israel. In 1966,
Shmuel Yosef Agnon won the
Nobel Prize for Literature for novels and short stories that employ a unique blend of biblical, Talmudic and modern Hebrew.
Among other Israeli authors who were translated into other languages and attained international recognition are
Ephraim Kishon,
Yaakov Shabtai,
A. B. Yehoshua,
Amos Oz,
Irit Linur,
Etgar Keret and
Yehoshua Sobol.
Today thousands of new books are published in Hebrew each year, both translations from other languages and original works by Israeli authors.